There are select questions, short essay responses
3) A diminutive (only 5 g) central American least shrew scrambles through leaf litter of the tropical forest in the Darien region of southern Panama, chasing and consuming winged alates of a reproductive swarm of leaf-cutter ants. Mere meters away, the giant (50 kg or 50,000 g) anteater forages on the same bounty, ripping into ant colonies with its large claws on the forelimbs, and consumes them using the elongated snout.
Which organism has greater food requirements? Which animal has greater food requirements per g of its body? What pattern of growth can explain the elongated snout and claws of the anteater versus the same structures in the shrew? Make sure that your answer includes the terms scaling, allometry, isometry, geometric growth, and arithmetic growth. Be sure to define each bolded term and describe the mechanism underlying the term.
4) A painted dog sprints after an impala in the savannahs of Zimbabwe. Eventually, the painted dog closes the gap between it and the fleeing ungulate and lunges at the young impala, grasping it by the neck in its jaws and fracturing the vertebrae.
Describe the biomechanics and biophysics of this moment using the concepts of center of mass, levers, kinematic chains and biological machines. While there are multiple elements that you could describe in this situation, make sure to describe (using anatomical nomenclature) each component of the lever, kinematic chain, and biological machine (name the relevant bones/muscles). You should include the terms force, vector, the three directions of force application, load, brace, and fracture in your answer. Be sure to define each of the bolded terms.
5) In the dark mountains of central Virginia, cold rains in the late winter initiate a breathtaking nocturnal assembly. Thousands of spotted salamanders migrate from winter retreats to ephemeral wetland pools, where they court, mate, and lay eggs in gelatinous strings. Ultimately, most of these eggs will produce larval salamanders that will transform into adult salamanders that will breed in the same pools. However, some salamanders will complete their entire life cycle in the same pool and will never lose their gills and paddle-like tail.
Describe what happens in the developing salamander egg as the embryo grows and develops. Pick one example of a tissue that would develop from each of the three primal tissue layers. Be sure to answer the following questions. What is the process that describes when a salamander completes their life cycle in the woodland pool? What would be the components of an amniote egg that distinguish them from an amphibian egg? And why would an early stage salamander embryo resemble an early stage ape embryo? Be sure to include and define the terms cleavage, blastulation, gastrulation, neurulation, heterochrony, paedomorphosis, and preservationism.
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